The G Summary Eqe Tools Internet

1. The G Summary Eqe Tools Internet Service
2. The G Summary Eqe Tools Internet Connection
3. The G Summary Eqe Tools Internet Speed

Article 69 EPC and the protocol thereto cannot be relied on to read a claim in a restricted sense which is not required by the wording of the claim itself. Article 69 EPC and its protocol were intended to allow a claim to be read by a court, considering an alleged infringement, in a broader way than might have been suggested by the strict wording of the claim, and were not intended to allow a claim to be read in a more restricted way than that suggested by its wording so as to avoid a novelty objection. 20: However, where the proprietor alleges that the problem to be solved by the subject matter claimed over the closest prior art is to obtain an improvement of some particular property of this closest prior art, the legal burden of proof that there is an improvement is on the proprietor. A mere allegation that there is an improvement is not sufficient, there should be at least some experimental evidence that the particular property of the prior art is improved, when this closest prior art is modified in the minimum way necessary to fall under the subject matter now claimed. Experimental evidence is required to show that the improvement is necessarily attributable to the difference between the claimed subject matter and the closest prior art. The instances of the EPO should also be satisfied that this evidence makes it plausible that the problem has been solved over the whole range of the subject matter claimed.

In the download area the EQETools “G Summary” is now available.The G Summary is an overview I made of most of the Enlarged Board of Appeal decisions. The headnotes and the most relevant reasons are reproduced and I’ve added a few keywords to each decision.I’m planning on updating the headnotes and reasons in view of EPC 2000, this will be done in the course of this year. Of course new decisions will be added when available.Knowing the G decisions is important. Not only for passing the EQE, but also for your daily work as a European Patent Attorney (trainee).

By that I mean that you need to know that there is a decision that deals with a certain issue. It would be nice to know the corresponding case number by heart, but be careful, a mistake is easily made!By way of (a stupid?) example, when referring to the Enlarged Board decision related to the “same invention” of Art. 87 EPC you cite G2/98 and not G2/89.Moreover as the number of decisions is increasing it becomes more and more difficult to actually memorise all case numbers anyhow. Thus, always check which case number should be cited. This tool has helped me, hopefully it is useful to you as well.Print this document, for example in the form of an A5 booklet, make further annotations if desired, and take it to the exam.

It will help you in quickly finding the right case number when necessary.I would say this tool is not really suitable for studying purposes only. I have found it quite helpful to actually read the respective decision entirely, or at least read the reasons. Doing so will help you understand the EPC system and moreover the way the EPC should be interpreted.Then, when you have studied these decisions this booklet may help you in remembering all cases by reading through the booklet every now and then.Give it a try and let me know what you think!EQETools.

Just so you know, I'm in the process of modifying the design of this weblog. Thus, the looks and feel may change the next weeks. Of course the content will stay.One of the first modifications concern the new logo and the added printing functionality.You can now print the posts without the additional content of the header and the side-bar. First select a post by clicking on it's title, which will bring the post in a new window. Then scroll down to the end of the post where you find a link 'Print this post'. I have tested this succesfully with Google Chrome and Internet Explorer.

For some (unknown) reason Firefox will only print the first page. Copied from the EPO website:On 21 April 2009, the Government of the Republic of San Marino (SM) deposited its instrument of accession to the European Patent Convention (EPC).The EPC will accordingly enter into force for San Marino on 1 July 2009.European patent applications filed on or after 1 July 2009 will include the designation of the new contracting state 1. It will not be possible to designate San Marino retroactively in applications filed before that date.To allow the new contracting state to be designated, however, the EPO will accord European patent applications filed in June 2009 the filing date of 1 July 2009 if the applicant expressly requests that filing date when filing the application.This message is incorporated in the. The EPC Quick reference tool is now available, you can download it.The EPC Quick reference is a 2 page overview containing most of the EPC articles and rules indicated by a few keywords.When preparing for the EQE by practicing former exam questions (or other questions as for example obtainable from ) this tool will help you in quickly finding the starting point for your answer instead of having to turn numerous pages in a book. Of course once you have the starting point you will need the actual article or rule itself, so this tool is to be used in addition to the EPC.Just like the G book (which will be published soon) the EPC Quick reference is very suitable for reading through every now and then to get the EPC in your system before sitting the EQE.

I personally did not use the tool at the EQE myself as the articles and rules 'landed' quite well during my preparation.So, here you go, yet another free tool. Give it a try and let me know what you think!EQETools. In G1/03 the Enlarged Board of Appeal set out the conditions under which it was allowable to introduce a so-called undisclosed disclaimer. For those of you who can't remember:An amendment to a claim by the introduction of a disclaimer may not be refused under Art. 123(2) EPC for the sole reason that neither the disclaimer nor the subject-matter excluded by it from the scope of the claim have a basis in the application as filed.The following criteria are to be applied for assessing the allowability of a disclaimer which is not disclosed in the application as filed:1.A disclaimer may be allowable in order to:- restore novelty by delimiting a claim against state of the art under Art.

54(3) and (4) EPC;- restore novelty by delimiting a claim against an accidental anticipation under Art. 54(2) EPC;- disclaim subject-matter which, under Art.s 52 to 57 EPC, is excluded from patentability for non-technical reasons.2. A disclaimer should not remove more than is necessary either to restore novelty or to disclaim subject-matter excluded from patentability for non-technical reasons.In T440/04, a patent was maintained in amended form by the Opposition Division. Due to loss of priority, a patent application in the name of the proprietor of the patent in suit became prior art under Art. 54(3) against the latter.The patent related to man-made vitreous fibres of a certain composition comprised of a number of components each having a certain range in concentration.

These fibres have certain properties such as sintering temperature and dissolution rate.One example in the 54(3) document, referred to as C63, disclosed a fibre having a composition falling within the claimed range. The proprietor therefore introduced a disclaimer in claim 1 which would restore novelty over C63 hence be allowable in view of G1/03. C63 did not disclose the specific property of sintering temperature, yet since the fibre composition was within the claimed range the sintering temperature was disclosed implicitly (proprietor confirmed this, see 4.2.2 of the decision).The Board of Appeal analysed the allowability of the disclaimer and came to the conclusion that C63 did not only disclose the specific example, but also further embodiments with a composition close to the one as claimed in the several requests.4.3.1.

It is immediately apparent from C63 that example 1 is not an isolated example but serves to illustrate one preferred alternative wherein the fibres. have a composition within the preferred ranges. Calculating time limits is a subject that returns in the EQE every year.

Some time limits are triggered by a notification by the EPO. An example is the time limit for filing of the Notice of Appeal under Art. 108 The law is quite simple if you understand how it works.First, the article itself clearly says '.within 2 months from notification.' .Thus, from the moment of notification one has 2 months time.This leaves open the question when someone is notified, i.e.

When the respective time limit is actually triggered. Rule 126(2) answers this question. Notification is effected by registered letter, which letter shall be deemed to be delivered the 10th day following its posting.Thus under the fiction of Rule 126(2) notification is effected 10 days after posting of the registered letter, regardless of whether the letter has been received earlier.

It is only then that the time limit of Art. 108 is triggered, since only then one is actually (deemed) notified.Therefore, when calculating time limits you always have to add the 10 days first and then add the respective time limit, in the case of Art. 108 two months (or 4 months for the Grounds of Appeal). Note also that Rule 134(1) does not apply to the 10 day rule of Rule 126(2).Most EQE candidates are fully aware of and know how to deal with this, but apparently there are still some people who believe otherwise as was the case in T2056/08. A decision to refuse an application dated 21 July 2008 was sent to the represenatative and received on 29 July 2008.Following the law, the time limit for filing the Notice of Appeal is: + 10 days - + 2m - (Tuesday)The representative argued otherwise, basically saying that one should add the 2 months first, which would result in a due date of October 1, 2008.The Board of Appeal in R.

4 says:Although it has become customary to refer to the appeal period as 'two months plus ten days', this case shows that this is an inexact formula. The ten days are not added on after the two months period, or are calculated arbitrarily from the date of the decision or from a date two months thereafter.

Rather, the ten days specify a period after which delivery and therefore notification is presumed, and the two months period stipulated in Article 108 EPC starts from the day of the presumed (if delivery has taken place within the ten days period) or actual (if delivery has been effected after the ten days period) notification. Thus, if any rule of thumb could be suggested to calculate the appeal period, it should be 'ten days plus two months' rather than, as was argued by the applicant, 'two months plus ten days'.Read the decision. J8/07: Change in language of proceedings; referral to EBoAAn applicant filed a PCT application in French at the EPO as receiving office. Upon entry in the regional phase before the EPO applicant files an English translation of the PCT application and requests the language of proceedings before the EPO to be changed into English. The request was refused and applicant filed an appeal basically arguing that there is no legal provision in the EPC that does not allow a change in language of proceedings for PCT applications filed in a first official EPO language (in this case French) and later on translated into a second official language (in this case English). The Legal Board of Appeal referred the case to the Enlarged Board of Appeal with the following questions:The following questions are referred to the Enlarged Board of Appeal:1.

If an international patent application has been filed and published under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) in an official language of the European Patent Office (EPO), can the applicant, on entry into the regional phase before the EPO, file a translation of the application into another EPO official language which then becomes the language of all subsequent proceedings before the EPO?2. If the answer to that question is no, can EPO departments use, in written proceedings on a European patent application (or an international application in the regional phase), an EPO official language other than the language of proceedings used for the application?3. If the answer to question 2 is yes, what criteria must be applied to determine the official language to be used?

Last updated: January 18, 2019.When you chat to somebody on the Net orsend them an e-mail, do you ever stop to think how many different you are using in theprocess? There's the computer on your own desk, of course, and anotherone at the other end where the other person is sitting, ready tocommunicate with you.

But in between your two machines, makingcommunication between them possible, there are probably about a dozenother computers bridging the gap. Collectively, all the world's linked-up computers are calledthe Internet. How do they talk to one another?Let's take a closer look!Photo: What most of us think of as the Internet—Google, eBay,and all the rest of it—is actually the.The Internet is the underlying telecommunication network that makes the Web possible. If you use, your computer is probably connected to the Internet all the time it's on.What is the Internet?Global communication is easy now thanks to an intricatelylinked worldwidethat we call the Internet. In less than 20 years, the Internet has expanded to link up around 210different nations. Even some of the world's poorest developing nationsare now connected.Chart: Countries online: In just over a decade, between 1988 and 2000, virtually every country in the world went online.

Although most countries are now 'wired,' that doesn't mean everyone is online in all those countries, as you can see from the next chart, below. Source: Redrawn by Explainthatstuff.com using data from (blue bars, 1998–2003) and XLS spreadsheet format, International Telecommunications Union, 2017 (2012 and 2017, green bars).Lots of people use the word 'Internet' to mean going online.Actually, the 'Internet' is nothing more than the basic computernetwork. Think of it like thenetwork or the network ofhighways that criss-cross the world.

Telephones and highways arenetworks, just like the Internet. The things you say on the telephoneand the traffic that travels down roads run on 'top' of the basicnetwork. In much the same way, things like the(theinformation pages we can browse online), instant messaging chatprograms,downloading, and are all things that runon top of the basic computer network that we call the Internet.The Internet is a collection of standalone computers (and computernetworks in companies, schools, and colleges) all loosely linkedtogether, mostly using the telephone network.

The connections betweenthe computers are a mixture of old-fashioned cables,(which send messagesin pulses of ), wireless radioconnections (which transmit information. Waves),and links.Chart: Internet use around the world: This chart compares the estimated percentage of households with Internet access for different world regions and economic groupings. Although there have been dramatic improvements in all regions, there are still great disparities between the 'richer' nations and the 'poorer' ones. The world average, shown by the black-outlined orange center bar, is still only 46.4 out of 100 (less than half). Not surprisingly, richer nations are to the left of the average and poorer ones to the right. Source: Redrawn from Chart 1.5 of the Executive Summary of, International Telecommunication Union (ITU). What does the Internet do?The Internet has one very simple job: to move computerizedinformation (known as data) from one placeto another.

The machines that make up the Internet treat all the informationthey handle in exactly the same way. In this respect, the Internetworks a bit like the postal service. Letters are simply passed from oneplace to another, no matter who they are from or what messages theycontain. The job of the mail service is to move letters from place toplace, not to worry about why people are writing letters in the firstplace; the same applies to the Internet.Just like the mail service, the Internet's simplicity means it canhandle many different kinds of information helping people to do manydifferent jobs. It's not specialized to handle emails, Web pages, chatmessages, or anything else: all information is handled equally andpassed on in exactly the same way. Because the Internet is so simplydesigned, people can easily use it to run new 'applications'—new thingsthat run on top of the basic computer network.

That's why, when twoEuropean inventors developed, a way of making telephone callsover the Net, they just had to write a program that could turn speechinto Internet data and back again. No-one had to rebuild the entireInternet to make Skype possible. How does Internet data move? Circuit switchingMuch of the Internet runs on the ordinary public telephonenetwork—but there's a big difference between how a telephone call worksand how the Internet carries data. If you ring a friend, your telephoneopens a direct connection (or circuit) between your home and theirs. Ifyou had a big map of the worldwide telephone system (and it would be a reallybig map!), you could theoretically mark a direct line, runningalong lots of miles of cable, all the way from your phone to the phonein your friend's house.

For as long as you're on the phone, thatcircuit stays permanently open between your two phones. This way oflinking phones together is called circuit switching.In the old days, when you made a call, someone sitting at a 'switchboard'(literally, a board made of wood with wires and sockets all over it)pulled wires in and out to make a temporary circuits that connected onehome to another. Now the circuit switching is done automatically by anelectronic telephone exchange.If you think about it, circuit switching is a really inefficient wayto use a network. All the time you're connected to your friend's house,no-one else can get through to either of you by phone. (Imagine being on yourcomputer, typing an email for an hour or more—and no-one being able toemail you while you were doing so.) Suppose you talk very slowly on thephone, leave long gaps of silence, or go off to make a cup of coffee.Even though you're not actually sending information down the line, thecircuit is still connected—and still blocking other people from usingit. Packet switchingThe Internet could, theoretically, work by circuit switching—andsome parts of it still do.

If you have a traditional 'dialup'connection to the Net (where your computer dials a telephone number to reach yourInternet service provider in what's effectively an ordinary phone call), you're using circuit switching to goonline. You'll know how maddeningly inefficient this can be.

No-one canphone you while you're online; you'll be billed for every second youstay on the Net; and your Net connection will work relatively slowly.Most data moves over the Internet in a completely different waycalled packet switching. Suppose you send anemail to someonein China. Instead of opening up a long and convoluted circuit betweenyour home and China and sending your email down it all in one go, theemail is broken up into tiny pieces called packets.Each one istagged with its ultimate destination and allowed to travel separately.In theory, all the packets could travel by totally different routes.When they reach their ultimate destination, they are reassembled tomake an email again.Packet switching is much more efficient than circuit switching. Youdon't have to have a permanent connection between the two places thatare communicating, for a start, so you're not blocking an entire chunkof the network each time you send a message. Many people can use thenetwork at the same time and since the packets can flow by manydifferent routes, depending on which ones are quietest or busiest, thewhole network is used more evenly—which makes for quicker and moreefficient communication all round. Hd full movie free download. How packet switching works What is circuit switching?Picture: Circuit switching is like moving yourhouse slowly, all in one go, along a fixed route between two places.Suppose you want to move home from the UnitedStates to Africa and you decide to take your whole house with you—notjust the contents, but the building too!

Imagine the nightmare oftrying to haul a house from one side of the world to the other.You'd need to plan a route very carefully inadvance. You'd need roads to be closed so your house couldsqueeze down them on the back of a gigantic truck.You'd also need to book a special ship to cross the ocean.The whole thing would be slow and difficult and the slightest problemen-route couldslow you down for days.

You'd also be slowing down all the other peopletrying to travel at the same time.Circuit switching is a bit like this.It's how a phone call works.What is packet switching?Picture: Packet switching is like breaking yourhouse into lots of bits and mailing them in separate packets. Because the pieces travelseparately, in parallel, they usually go more quickly and make better overall use of the network.Is there a better way? Well, what if you dismantled your homeinstead, numbered all the bricks, put each one in an envelope, andmailed them separately to Africa? All those bricks could travel byseparate routes. Some might go by ship; some might go by air.

Somemight travel quickly; others slowly. But you don't actually care.

Allthat matters to you is that the bricks arrive at the other end, one wayor another. Then you can simply put them back together again torecreate your house. Mailing the bricks wouldn't stop other peoplemailing things and wouldn't clog up the roads, seas, or airways.Because the bricks couldbe traveling 'in parallel,' over many separate routes at the sametime, they'd probably arrive much quicker.This is how packet switching works.When you send an email or browse the Web, the data you send is split upinto lots of packets that travel separately over the Internet.

How computers do different jobs on the InternetPhoto: The Internet is really nothing more than a load of wires—metal wires, fiber-optic cables, and 'wireless' wires (radio waves ferrying the same sort of data that wires would carry). Much of the Internet's traffic moves along networking cables like this one.There are hundreds of millions of computers on the Net, but theydon't all do exactly the same thing. Some of them are like electronicfiling cabinets that simply store information and pass it on whenrequested.

These machines are called servers.Machines that hold ordinary documents are called file servers; ones that holdpeople's mail are called mail servers; and the ones that hold Web pagesare Web servers. There are tens of millions of servers on theInternet.A computer that gets information from a server is called a client.When your computer connects over the Internet to a mail server at yourISP (Internet Service Provider) so you can read your messages, yourcomputer is the client and the ISP computer is the server. There arefar more clients on the Internet than servers—probably getting on for abillion by now!When two computers on the Internet swap information back and forthon a more-or-less equal basis, they are known as peers. If you use aninstant messaging program to chat to a friend, and you start swappingparty photos back and forth, you're taking part in what's called peer-to-peer( P2P) communication. In P2P, the machinesinvolved sometimes actas clients and sometimes as servers. For example, if you send a phototo your friend, your computer is the server (supplying the photo) andthe friend's computer is the client (accessing the photo). If yourfriend sends you a photo in return, the two computers swap over roles.Apart from clients and servers, the Internet is also made up ofintermediate computers called routers, whosejob is really justto make connections between different systems.

If you have severalcomputers at home or school, you probably have a single router thatconnects them all to the Internet. The router is like the mailbox onthe end of your street: it's your single point of entry to theworldwide network. How the Net really works: TCP/IP and DNSThe real Internet doesn't involve moving home with the help of envelopes—and the information that flows back and forth can't be controlled by people like you or me. That's probably just as well given how much data flows over the Net each day—roughly 3 billion emails and a huge amount of traffic downloaded from the world's 250 million websites by its 2 billion users. If everything is sent by packet-sharing, and no-one really controls it, how does that vast mass of data ever reach its destination without getting lost?The answer is called TCP/IP, which stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. It's the Internet's fundamental 'control system' and it's really two systems in one. In the computer world, a 'protocol' is simply a standard way of doing things—a tried and trusted method that everybody follows to ensure things get done properly.

So what do TCP and IP actually do?Internet Protocol (IP) is simply the Internet's addressing system. All the machines on the Internet—yours, mine, and everyone else's—are identified by an Internet Protocol (IP) address that takes the form of a series of digits separated by dots or colons. If all the machines have numeric addresses, every machine knows exactly how (and where) to contact every other machine. When it comes to websites, we usually refer to them by easy-to-remember names (like www.explainthatstuff.com) rather than their actual IP addresses—and there's a relatively simple system called DNS (Domain Name System) that enables a computer to look up the IP address for any given website. In the original version of IP, known as IPv4, addresses consisted of four pairs of digits, such as 12.34.56.78 or 123.255.212.55, but the rapid growth in Internet use meant that all possible addresses were used up by January 2011. That has prompted the introduction of a new IP system with more addresses, which is known as IPv6, where each address is much longer and looks something like this: 123a:b716:7291:0da2:912c:0321:0ffe:1da2.The other part of the control system, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), sorts out how packets of data move back and forth between one computer (in other words, one IP address) and another.

It's TCP that figures out how to get the data from the source to the destination, arranging for it to be broken into packets, transmitted, resent if they get lost, and reassembled into the correct order at the other end. Find out more On this website. (covers Internet telephony and Skype).Books General overviews. by Johnny Ryan. Reaktion Books, 2013. A wide-ranging look at how Internet technology is changing everything from culture and politics to shopping and war. by Tim Wu.

The G Summary Eqe Tools Internet Service

Atlantic, 2010. How the open Internet we know and love is threatened by monopolization—amd what we can do about it. by Jonathan Zittrain. Yale University Press, 2008. Why an 'open' Internet is better than a 'closed' one dominated by proprietary technologies. by Christos Moschovitis, Hilary Poole, Laura Lambert, and Chris Woodford.

ABC-Clio, 2005. A comprehensive (though now slightly dated) three-volume guide to the history and impacts of the Internet and the people who made it possible. (I was the author of the second of the three volumes, covering social impacts.). by Jack Goldsmith and Tim Wu.

The G Summary Eqe Tools Internet Connection

Oxford University Press, 2006. Will governments be forced to regulate the Internet as it challenges our traditional conception of a geographically divided world?. by John Naughton. Phoenix, 2000.

Dated, but worth a look for the early history.More technical. by Candace Leiden, Marshall Wilensky. Dummies/Wiley, 2009. One of the simpler introductions to the Internet protocol. However, you might find the light-hearted writing style offputting. by Karanjit Siyan, Tim Parker. A more serious treatment than the Dummies book.

by Craig Hunt. O'Reilly Media, 2002. A much more detailed guide to TCP/IP for computer networking students and professionals.Articles.: BBC News, 31 December 2018. Looking back on the life and achievements of one of the Internet's inventors.

The G Summary Eqe Tools Internet Speed

by Tracy Staedter. IEEE Spectrum, January 17, 2018. Could Russia really build its own Internet—and why would it want to?. by Cecilia Kang. The New York Times. February 23, 1016. Lack of Internet access is punishing children's education, even in richer nations like the United States.: BBC News, 8 March 2010.

Some 80 percent of the world's people think access to the Internet is a fundamental right.: BBC News, January 2010. What are the world's top websites in search, social networking, retail, and media. Some great interactive graphics.: BBC News, 4 February 2008. How the world ran out of IP addresses, prompting the development of IPv6.: One of the Internet's founding father's explains how the Internet has developed and where it's going next.Facts, statistics, and reports.: If you're interested in how the world is going online, and how the international community is making efforts to improve Internet access in developing countries, the World Bank is a good place to start your research. You'll find lots of useful reports, facts, charts, and statistics.: One of the most recent International Telecommunications Union reports, with global and regional analysis of Internet trends (particularly in developing countries), and some discussion of the Internet of Things.: A detailed report from the International Telecommunications Union that charts the spread of telephone and Internet technology around the world, especially in key areas such as government, healthcare, and education.: A good collection of tables and charts showing patterns of Internet use around the world.